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links two simultaneous states or actions to show coexistence (often describing mixed feelings or dual characteristics).
"当时西域的一些国家既怕匈奴，又不愿疏远汉朝。"
expresses chronological order: first one action happens, then another follows.
"他先到鄯善国。国王开始对他十分尊敬、热情，后来又突然变得很冷淡。"
sets up a hypothetical situation to discuss possible consequences.
"假如鄯善国王听了匈奴使者的诱惑，投靠匈奴，咱们大家都要被豺狼吃掉。"
“把” construction emphasizes how an object is handled; “起来” adds a sense of completion or beginning of an action.
"班超就把随员全部召集起来，对他们说：“咱们远离祖国，现在都处在危险的境地。"
classical rhetorical formula meaning “without doing X, how can you get Y,” often used to stress bravery or effort.
"不入虎穴，焉得虎子！"
(used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
to finish
to be (followed by substantives only)
(pattern: 不[bu4] ... 就[jiu4] ...) if not ... then must be ...
king
(bound form) theory; doctrine
classifier: couple; pair
(used as a substitute for a more specific verb)
surname Du
influential family
envoy
(used for emphasis) anyway
now; at present; currently
whole; all
only; simply; just
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